Which of the following methods can be used to conduct formative assessment?

Formative assessment is designed to monitor student learning and provide ongoing feedback that can be used by instructors to improve their teaching and by students to enhance their learning. One effective way to conduct formative assessments involves techniques that are integrated seamlessly into the learning process. Observations and quizzes serve this purpose well as they allow educators to gauge students' understanding in real-time and adjust their instructional strategies accordingly.

Observations provide qualitative insights into students' participation, engagement, and understanding during lessons, allowing teachers to identify areas where students may be struggling. Quizzes can be used as informal checks for understanding, helping both teachers and students assess comprehension and retention of material. Together, these methods create opportunities for immediate feedback, essential for informing instruction and enhancing student learning.

In contrast, final exams, large-scale testing, and grade reports are typically associated with summative assessment, which evaluates student learning at the end of an instructional unit or course. These methods do not provide the same level of ongoing feedback during the learning process, making them less suitable for formative assessment purposes.